Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Rafael Centeno — Wed, 27 Sep 2023 13:58:49 +0000

Is the high point in multilateral trade relations already 30 years in the past? Are notions of international cooperation and mutual benefit relics of an earlier time? Hopefully not, there is still much more to play for. Amidst the visible geopolitical tensions, and what often looks like a blurring of trade, economic, climate, and security interests, there are some encouraging signs recently.

This brief considers prior developments that helped shape the nature of the trade policy debate today, offers an admittedly optimistic assessment of a renewed interest by G7 members in international cooperation, and highlights immediate priorities for action by G7 Trade Ministers.

The Trade Policy Challenge: Looking Beyond Trade and the Economy

The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986-1994) was the eighth trade round since 1947. It successfully reduced trade barriers, established enforceable trade rules, and created the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Its importance to a well-functioning multilateral trading system, global income and job growth, and global poverty reduction would be hard to over-state. Yet, less than five years later the planned launch of the ninth trade round stalled in Seattle, and while it was revived in late-2001 in Doha, twenty-two years have since passed, and WTO members have still not delivered a much-needed comprehensive modernization of global trade rules.The 2007-08 financial crisis quickly became a global economic crisis, leading to a virtual collapse of trade flows and a sharp rise in global unemployment. Worldwide, millions of people lost their jobs and their homes – as well as their trust in public institutions.

While inequalities across countries were reduced significantly, subsequently lower global growth added to increasing inequalities of household wealth, income, and opportunity within many countries. Regional productivity levels within countries were also diverging, with lagging regions unable to offer good jobs, wages, and community well-being. More people were growing frustrated with globalization – driven at least as much by technological progress as by trade flows – and with an overall economic system that was not working for them and their families.

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Ken Ash, Visiting Fellow, Institute for International Trade and formerly Director of Trade and Agriculture at the OECD.

To read the full summary, click here.

To read the full policy brief, click here.

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Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Jude Althagafi — Wed, 17 Nov 2021 17:07:34 +0000

Each year, the Index of Economic Freedom shows that economies and people are better off when trade is free and open. The correlations between free and open trade and healthy natural environments, higher GDP, political tranquility, and food security are undeniable. To improve their trade-freedom scores, countries should lower their domestic barriers to trade by eliminating tariffs and nontariff barriers. Eliminating tariffs gives the greatest boost to trade freedom, but entering into free trade agreements with bodog sportsbook review other countries can also lower barriers. It is crucial that these agreements truly promote free trade rather than just manage trade flows through burdensome regulations. Countries must also remain dedicated to their World Trade Organization commitments while they seek reform of the organization.

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To read the full report from The Heritage Foundation, please click here.

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Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Johnny Morris — Wed, 21 Jul 2021 15:05:49 +0000

Three significant trends have emerged in the last decade across different forms of digital trade. First, there has been a significant increase in both volume and value. According to recent estimates, the “digital economy” comprises 15.5 percent of world GDP, with the value of e-commerce sales perhaps twice that share. The second trend involves many new regulations, often incoherent in scope and effect. As a result, the third trend is becoming more prevalent: the rise in many kinds of digital trade restrictions.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these trends. According to one estimate, COVID has accelerated the digitalisation of business operations by up to a decade. The move towards more digital governance is also becoming more widespread with many recent free trade agreements (FTAs) including “e-commerce” chapters and provisions. Six months into the pandemic, however, a new kind of digital trade agreement was ratified with, very fittingly, the electronic signatures of three small, open, Asia-Pacific economies: New Zealand, Singapore, and Chile. Since that virtual signing ceremony, several similar agreements have followed or are in prospect.

In this paper, former New Zealand trade negotiator Stephanie Honey explores several policy options for digital trade governance. It outlines the innovative features of the DEPA approach and details its goal to realise the full potential of digital trade for businesses, while also safeguarding policy space for governments. The paper also reflects on the DEPA’s scope of impact, given that many of its provisions are “soft law” rather than legally binding rules – and whether flexibility might in fact be an advantage in this fast-moving area.

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To read the original report from the Hinrich Foundation, please visit here

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Zimar Batista — Fri, 07 Aug 2020 15:02:38 +0000

The U.S. policy toward Africa has been mired in old thinking for too long. A combination of factors including low prioritization, an insular community of specialists, and deference to “bipartisan consensus” has resulted in policies and practices locked in amber. To be sure, continuity and consistency have their merits, but they also act as brakes on creativity, innovation, and fresh thinking. This policy drift leaves the United States ill-equipped for new challenges and discontinuities—such as a global pandemic, for example. It valorizes a decades-old playbook and reflexively dismisses recommendations that veer from the script. Major U.S. policy initiatives, including the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the U.S.-African Leaders Summit, and the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) are exceptions to the rule and point to the potential for new policy breakthroughs.

The longstanding U.S. bodog online casino goals to advance democracy and governance; peace and security; trade and investment; and development in Africa remain valid. However, it is the pursuit of these objectives that has become unfocused and anachronistic. Over the decades, U.S. policy toward the region has become too encompassing, overstuffed with sub-objectives, and fixated with inputs, not outcomes. Moreover, it persistently treats Africa as a “region apart,” divorced from developments in other areas of the world. U.S. policy priorities toward Africa are almost exclusively about local issues on the continent and are often oblivious to Africa’s sway in the international system. A new policy framework must-see African expertise and influence as a critical part of a broader U.S. approach to tackling global challenges.

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Judd Devermont, Director, Africa Program CSIS

To view the full report at CSIS, please click here

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Zimar Batista — Thu, 30 Jul 2020 17:08:12 +0000

It is in the interest of the United States to explore the creation of an enterprise fund for the West Bank and Gaza as part of its continuing efforts to foster peace and prosperity in the Middle East. With the growth of joint Israeli-Palestinian ventures and people-to-people exchanges facilitated by an enterprise fund, the United States can create the common entrepreneurial ground on which a more robust peace process can stand. The spread of Covid-19 has shuttered schools and businesses and limited public gatherings in places such as markets, increasing the financial stress felt by many in the region. The pandemic has also exacerbated youth unemployment, which now stands at 42 percent, illustrating there is an acute need for social and economic opportunities. Post-COVID-19, employment prospects may more easily improve if, alongside a lightening of the political climate, there is greater access to capital. The deployment of innovative financial instruments to spur private sector growth can prompt dramatic socioeconomic changes in the West Bank and Gaza.

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To view the full report at CSIS, please click here

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Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Emma Donahue — Wed, 08 Jul 2020 13:32:07 +0000

There is an emerging consensus among American politicians and many citizens that trade and globalization have undermined America’s working class, resulting in a rise in U.S. populism. This view frequently targets the 2000 U.S. law that granted China “permanent normal trade relations” (PNTR) and China’s 2001 entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) as key drivers of the country’s rise and the now‐famous “China Shock”—the period between 1999 and 2011 during which a sizeable increase in Chinese imports supposedly produced the loss of approximately 2.4 million U.S. jobs.

However, the view that PNTR was an erroneous policy choice that disproportionately benefited political elites and corporations, directly drove the China Shock, and, combined with other allegedly “laissez‐faire” policies, permanently scarred America’s working class suffers from several flaws that collectively prove fatal for the anti‐PNTR thesis.

As we approach the 20th anniversary of PNTR, criticism of the law and of the WTO more broadly will surely intensify, but a proper accounting of the relevant economics and history reveals most critics to be misguided. Labor market and cultural disruptions in the United States are real and important, as is China’s current bodog sportsbook review and unfortunate turn toward illiberalism and imperialism. But it is a mistake to pretend that there was a better trade policy choice in 2000 than PNTR and engagement with China more broadly. It assumes too much, ignores too much, and demands too much. Worse, it could lead to truly bad governance: increasing U.S. protectionism; forgiving the real and important failures of our policymakers, CEOs, and unions over the past two decades; and preventing a political consensus for real policy solutions. Indeed, these are happening now.

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Scott Lincicome is a senior fellow in economic studies at the Cato Institute and a Senior Visiting Lecturer at Duke University Law School. Previously he spent two decades practicing international trade law.

To view the original report, click here.

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Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Zimar Batista — Wed, 01 Jul 2020 16:49:27 +0000

The 2020 Annual Report provides a comprehensive account of the WTO’s activities in 2019 and early 2020. The report begins with a message from WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo and a brief overview of the past year. This is followed by in-depth accounts of the WTO’s main areas of activity over the past 12 months. Spotlights highlight major WTO events and initiatives.

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To view the full report, please click here

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Zimar Batista — Wed, 10 Jun 2020 16:09:52 +0000

As restrictions begin to be eased, the path to economic recovery remains highly uncertain and vulnerable to a second wave of infections. Strengthening healthcare systems and supporting people and businesses to help adapt to a post-Covid world will be crucial, it says.

OECD

The containment measures brought in by most governments were necessary to slow the spread of the virus and limit the death toll, but they have also closed down business activity in many sectors and caused widespread economic hardship. • • •

Policymakers have used a vast array of exceptional measures to support healthcare systems and people’s incomes, as well as to help businesses and stabilize financial markets.

With little prospect of a vaccine becoming widely available this year, and faced with unprecedented uncertainty, the OECD has taken the unusual step of presenting two equally likely scenarios – one in which the virus is brought under control, and one in which a second global outbreak hits before the end of 2020.

If a second outbreak occurs, triggering a return to lockdowns, world economic output is forecast to plummet 7.6% this year, before climbing back 2.8% in 2021. At its peak, unemployment in the OECD economies would be more than double the rate prior to the outbreaks, with little recovery in jobs next year.

If a second wave of infections is avoided, global economic activity is expected to fall by 6% in 2020 and OECD unemployment to climb to 9.2% from 5.4% in 2019.

The economic impact of strict and relatively lengthy lockdowns in Europe will be particularly harsh. Euro area GDP is expected to plunge by 11½ per cent this year if a second wave breaks out, and by over 9% even if a second hit is avoided, while GDP in the United States will take a hit of 8.5% and 7.3% respectively, and Japan 7.3% and 6%. Emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia and South Africa, meanwhile, face particular challenges of strained health systems, adding to the difficulties caused by a collapse in commodity prices, and their economies plunging by 9.1%, 10%, and 8.2% respectively in case of a double hit scenario, and 7.4%, 8% and 7.5% in case of a single hit. China’s and India’s GDPs will be relatively less affected, with a decrease of 3.7% and 7.3% respectively in case of a double hit and 2.6% and 3.7% in case of a single hit.

bodog online casino In both scenarios, the recovery, after an initial, rapid resumption of activity, will take a long time to bring output back to pre-pandemic levels, and the crisis will leave long-lasting scars – a fall in living standards, high unemployment and weak investment. Job losses in the most affected sectors, such as tourism, hospitality and entertainment, will particularly hit low-skilled, young, and informal workers.

The Outlook says government support to help people and business in the hard-hit sectors will need to evolve but to remain substantial.

Speaking ahead of a special OECD Roundtable Ministerial Meeting chaired by Spain’s Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Nadia Calviño, to discuss policy responses to the pandemic, OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría said: “Uncertainty is clearly extreme in the current context, but the implications of that for macroeconomic policies are not symmetric. Policy-makers were right not to be too slow to introduce emergency measures, and they should now guard against being too quick to withdraw them”.

“How governments act today will shape the post-Covid world for years to come,” he added. “This is true not only domestically, where the right policies can foster a resilient, inclusive and sustainable recovery, but also in terms of how countries cooperate to tackle global challenges together. International cooperation, a weak point so far in the policy response, can create confidence and have important positive spillover effects.”

Presenting the Outlook, OECD Chief Economist Laurence Boone said: “Extraordinary policies will be needed to walk the tightrope towards recovery. Restarting economic activity while avoiding a second outbreak requires flexible and agile policy-making.” She said the safety nets and support currently provided for badly hit sectors would need to be adapted to help businesses and workers move to new activities.

“Higher public debt cannot be avoided, but debt-financed spending should be well-targeted to support the most vulnerable and provide the investment needed for a transition to a more resilient and sustainable economy,” she said.

“Governments must seize this opportunity to build a fairer economy, making competition and regulation smarter, modernizing taxes, government spending and social protection,” she added. “Prosperity comes from dialogue and cooperation. This holds true at the national and global level.”

The Outlook calls for stronger international cooperation to help end the pandemic more quickly, speed up the economic recovery, and avoid harming the catch-up process of emerging-market economies and developing countries. It also argues for encouraging more resilient supply chains, including larger holdings of stocks and more diversification of sources locally and internationally.

To read the original research at the OECD, please click here

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Zimar Batista — Fri, 01 May 2020 16:43:32 +0000

This policy brief invokes the standards of ancient Greek drama to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential tragedy in U.S.-China relations and a potential tragedy for the world. The nature of the two countries’ political realities in 2020 have led to the initial mismanagement of the crisis on both sides of the Pacific. And the interactions between the two sides, and with other actors, such as the World Health Organization, have so far squandered historic opportunities for cooperation to tackle a common threat. The finger-pointing and politically driven accusations between the worlds’ two leading powers — and between the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States — might have catastrophic bodog sportsbook review results, particularly when the virus spreads to the world’s most impoverished nations.

The brief calls for a ceasefire between Beijing and Washington on criticism of the two countries’ initial responses to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, accompanied by a commitment to an eventual international investigation of what went wrong in all countries during the early phases of the pandemic. The brief concludes with six areas in which the United States and China should seek cooperation: to share best practices to stem the further spread of the coronavirus; to develop effective vaccines at the earliest possible date; to prepare in advance for mass manufacturing and global distribution of vaccines that are developed; to assist the neediest countries in fighting the disease; to manage debt crises and combat famines in the developing world that might result from the pandemic, and to preserve global trade by privileging diversification of supply chains and national strategic reserves over economic nationalism and less efficient forms of production.

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To view the full report at the Brookings Institution, please click here

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Bodog Poker|Welcome Bonus_post Global Trade Freedom

Zimar Batista — Tue, 28 Apr 2020 18:40:44 +0000

Active trade policy responses are critical for alleviating the burden on healthcare systems, according to a new policy brief by the APEC Policy Support Unit.

The policy brief, titled “bodog online casino ,” highlights the importance of acting collectively to reduce or eliminate tariffs on medical goods permanently.

220_PSU_Policy Brief on Trade in Medical Products

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Key messages from this policy brief are:

The global trade in medical goods to support the fight against COVID-19 is significant, amounting to nearly USD 1 trillion.
APEC economies account for 40.8 percent (USD 404.5 billion) of the global import value of medical goods and 28.8 percent (USD 271.8 billion) of the global export value.
More than 90 percent of the trade in medical goods by APEC involves 10 APEC economies.
Most APEC economies apply low most-favoured nation (MFN) tariffs to medicines and medical equipment, but impose higher tariff rates on the medical supplies and personal protective products that are essential to tackling the COVID-19 challenges.
Trade policy is an important tool to facilitate access to medical goods to cope with the challenges raised by COVID-19 and APEC is a relevant forum to strengthen efforts in this area.
APEC economies could discuss collective initiatives to permanently reduce or eliminate tariffs on medical goods; commit to avoid the implementation of any unnecessary trade-restrictive measures, particularly export restrictions affecting trade in medical goods; and commit to maintain supply lines open and functional.

To view the full report at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, please click here

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