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Zimar Batista — Tue, 04 Aug 2020 15:37:16 +0000

There is only one internet and only one cyberspace connecting individuals, enterprises, and nations all over the world. Even more frequently, this shared space is coming under attack from malicious actors, both state and non-state, who are seeking to exploit cyberspace’s shared infrastructure for their own ends. Addressing cybersecurity threats is, therefore, an international problem that requires an international solution. But given the myriad of threats faced in the cyber domain and the ambiguous borders that exist there, how can states best address these challenges and ensure the safety of their own networks and people?

In this new report from the Scowcroft Center’s Transatlantic Security Initiative, Cyber Statecraft Initiative senior fellow Kenneth Geers argues that the best way for democratic states to defend their own cyber networks is to leverage the multinational strength of political and military alliances like NATO and the European Union. Alliances like NATO give democracies an advantage over their authoritarian rivals by providing already established mechanisms for multinational cooperation. Alliances are therefore better equipped to tackle the inherently international challenges of cybersecurity.

To illustrate the impact of alliances on cybersecurity, Geers uses events in Ukraine as a case study, comparing the Ukrainian government’s efforts to defend against Russian cyberattacks shortly after the 2014 revolution with measures taken in cooperation with partners to defend the 2019 presidential election. Geers illustrates how collective action in 2019 produced improved security outcomes compared to efforts taken by Ukraine alone. Building on these lessons, Geers argues that the only structures likely to produce tangible results in cybersecurity are those within political and military alliances. bodog online casino . The report then offers a series of recommendations on how NATO and the EU can promote trust and collaboration among Allies and partners to build a more effective cyber alliance.

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Brian Carpenter — Tue, 16 Jun 2020 14:08:20 +0000

In the wake of Covid-19, enterprises and consumers find themselves seeking alternatives to purchasing commodities remotely, through e-commerce. The first of the three common ecommerce approaches utilised in Kenya, is the third-party aggregated applications, e-stores or e-marketplaces, that provide a trading platform on the web for sellers; either consumer to consumer (C2C), business to consumer (B2C) or business to business (B2B).

The second one is independent companies that use applications to trade their products using B2C model. The third option leverages on the presence of courier companies where a buyer, using their mobile phone, places an order with the seller, makes payments often using mobile money then engages a courier service for delivery.

As established in the 2016 National ICT Survey, 39 percent of private enterprises in Kenya are engaged in e-commerce and 71 percent buy or bodog casino sell goods and services via mobile phones. Therefore, majority of Medium, Small and Micro Enterprises (MSMEs) may be utilising the latter approach.

Courier services are, therefore, essential components of e-commerce in Kenya. Kenya’s Communications Authority quarterly statistical reports establish that Kenya currently has 178 registered courier providers, a 44percent increase in ten years. These registered courier providers moved 2.8 million parcels last year. A great leap compared to 10 years ago when the number of parcels couriered in a year is equivalent to a single quarter in 2019. These statistics do not, however, include courier services rendered by informal and unregistered motorcycle operators, including boda bodas.

The growth in e-commerce has further been precipitated by ICT investments and reforms, such as fibre optic cables, which have contributed to improvements to the internet penetration rate from 25percent, 10 years ago to over 80percent today.

Other recent initiatives include reforming the legal framework, including Companies Act, Law of Contract Act, Stamp Duty Act, Kenya Information and Communications Act to facilitate digital economy. Many of these additional amendments were undertaken recently, with the enactment of the Business Laws (Amendment) Act, 2020. Other reforms include enhanced consumer protection provisions following the enactment of Consumer Protection Law in 2012.

Kenya’s Competition Act no. 12 of 2010 further protects consumers from unfair and misleading market conduct. Data Protection Act of 2019 may further enhance consumers’ confidence in transacting electronically. Consumer and data protection are critical given e-commerce is data-driven. In fact, companies use data to identify customers and market products. With the Covid-19 pandemic for instance, companies must adjust to the new demand patterns, which can be observed with correct consumer data.

The fourth possible enabler of e-commerce is mobile money solutions. The 2019 Kenya Digital Economy Blueprint report shows that 70percent of all e-commerce payments are through mobile money platforms. Further, as established in the 2016 enterprise survey, half (45percent) of MSMEs in Kenya transact using mobile money. Over a ten-year period, there has been a 600percent increase in the number and value of transactions undertaken using mobile money. As at end of 2019 for instance, there were 154.9 million transactions valued at Sh382 billion compared to 21.6 million transactions worth Sh52 billion as at end of 2009.

These statistics reveal that Kenya’s e-commerce is deepening.

Despite the growth, Kenya still has a digital divide, policy interventions should therefore be focused on promoting inclusion. Businesses participating in e-commerce, like traditional brick and mortar businesses, need to comply to licensing standards, intellectual property protection and consumer protection requirements as well as other regulatory aspects that are critical for digital trade including data protection, cyber security interventions and compliance to packaging standards and requirements, especially as relates to storage and transportation of food. This requires capacity and awareness.

Kenya’s industrial base however presents a challenge as relates to application of these laws given majority of Kenya enterprises operate informally (78.9 percent operate without a licence and 74.6percent have no Bodog Poker business registration). A further 14percent of those that are unlicensed and have no fixed location and 19 percent are home-based.

E-commerce requires a well-developed logistics sector, warehousing facilities, good road and air transportation infrastructure as well as reliable and secure digital infrastructure.

Kenya has five advantages which are opportunities to be exploited: First, the Posta infrastructure throughout the country, which can form delivery points; second, the establishment of a National Addressing System that which would improve identification of locations through naming and numbering of streets; third is the National Optic Fibre Backbone (NOFBI). The recently launched manufacturing directory (by the Kenya Association of Manufacturers) and legal provision for an innovation database to be maintained by Kenya Innovation Agency are the last two.

Despite the existence of the regulatory and policy gaps, ecommerce is growing rapidly, especially in the wake of Covid 19. It is also apparent that further investments are required to bridge the digital divide. MSMEs participating in ecommerce need to build awareness on the relevant trade policies and regulations, especially in data and consumer protection to prevent unfair commercial practices and illicit trade such as trade of counterfeit goods.

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Zimar Batista — Fri, 12 Jun 2020 15:21:42 +0000

If there is one universal lesson from the Coronavirus pandemic, it is the importance of digital agility. The past few months have shown businesses and governments alike that in the time of crisis, they need to be able to swiftly adapt their operating model. This pressure is particularly acute for tax administrations. As the global recession places renewed emphasis on revenue strategy, tax administrations are finding themselves on the front lines of a rapid and intense digital transformation, finding ways to conduct everyday and emergency business while complying with mandates to maintain social distance.

Economies with already strong underlying information technology are proving to be more resilient than those without this infrastructure already in place. At a recent event, I listened to officials from Cambodia and Kenya explain how their strong digital track records are paying off during the current crisis.

In Cambodia, which had previously established an enabling regulatory environment around digital financial services, citizens were already accustomed to sending and receiving payments digitally, making it possible for the government to add tax functionality on to the pre-existing digital payment platforms. Similarly, in Kenya, citizens’ relative comfort with digital payments led to a recent uptick in the use of its e-tax system. The Kenya Revenue Authority has also been able to rely on its digital systems to obtain real-time data on emergency-related shifts in consumer spending, which helps the agency to predict the impact on revenues.

But the type of digital transformation necessary to get to this level is comparable to moving a boulder to the top of a mountain. It’s a long, arduous process, and it’s possible to lose footing along the way. Many economies, especially developing countries, rely on deeply entrenched systems and fight an uphill battle when it comes to public trust. In fact, many of the world’s lowest-income bodog online casino economies struggle to collect enough taxes to cover basic state functions. Add a global crisis into the mix and these tenuous relationships between taxman and citizen are likely to fall apart.

The current crisis provides an opportune moment to rework revenue strategies to be more digitally driven. Tax administrations must shift the focus from simply processing taxpayers’ data to proactively improving compliance, policies, and efficiency. Modern revenue strategies will, to a large extent, have to run on digital platforms because they are necessary to effectively pursuing critical policy objectives such as:

Broadening the tax base. Data-centric approaches can be used to close gaps and take advantage of missed opportunities without necessarily increasing the level of taxation. Such measures include: requiring e-commerce platforms to report sales in order to facilitate the collection of VAT and customs duties; analyzing past tax filings of citizens seeking relief under current stimulus programs to verify compliance; and supporting the collection of property taxes by matching the land registry with the taxpayer file.
Enhancing transparency and trust. Establishing electronic platforms for tax registration, filing, payment, and dispute resolution make processes clear for citizens, provide assurances that tax payments end up in an actual government account, and reduce the risk of officials abusing their discretion. Implementation of technologies such as the MIT-incubated OPAL (Open Algorithm) provides researches, think tanks, or any citizen the ability to independently analyze tax data without having access to personally identifiable information. This will provide unprecedented transparency.
Reducing the compliance burden. We know from a survey of 190 economies that it is getting easier for people and businesses to pay taxes. There are now 106 economies using electronic filing systems, double the number in 2004. Digital technology is reducing the time spent on paying taxes as well as the total number of individual payments taxpayers must make each year.
Improving administrative efficiency. As governments mature in their use of information technology, they will be able to achieve substantial efficiency gains. For countries beginning their digital transformation, AI-enabled data capture of paper-based records can speed up the digitalization and reliability of the data. Others find significant value through the simplification of procedures and matching of filing information with third-party data sets. For more advanced tax administrations, the use of advanced analytics to identify underreporting will be a key value driver. In the current crisis, some administrations are also rethinking their balance between offsite and onsite audits.
Advancing growth and other policy objectives. As the central depository of citizen data, tax administrations play an increasing role in advancing non-tax related objectives. For example, by using taxpayer data to: verify beneficiaries under cash transfer programs, monitor the consumption of goods with detrimental health impacts (e.g., alcohol and cigarettes), model tax policy responses to curb carbon emissions, identify growth drivers in the economy, detect labor market violations, and ascertain the well-being of vulnerable groups in society.

Progress toward these objectives has been uneven and the World Bank cannot get this “modernization boulder” to the top of bodog sportsbook review the mountain alone. To help countries accelerate digital transformation, we need partners with multidisciplinary expertise who can help pull while we push. To that end, we co-founded the Prosperity Collaborative. This new multi-stakeholder initiative is dedicated to helping countries create better tax systems through innovative technology. Together with EY, New America, MIT and the Boston Global Forum, we are just getting started on a journey to bring tangible benefits to developing countries. Our current priorities are –

Developing global solutions to build capacity among developing countries and emerging market to undertake a successful digital transformation of their tax administrations;
Promoting thought leadership on tax and technology;
Exploring the creation of a mechanism to identify, prioritize, fund, and implement digital public goods for use by tax administrations;

By bringing these leading organizations together under the banner of the Prosperity Collaborative, we aim to create solutions that are well-targeted and easily replicable across different country contexts. Ultimately, we aim to create digital public goods that can be built once and deployed anywhere.

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Zimar Batista — Tue, 01 Oct 2019 02:16:16 +0000

The impact of digitalization on trade

The digital transformation has reduced the costs of engaging in international trade, facilitated the coordination of global value chains (GVCs), helped diffuse ideas and technologies, and connected a greater number of businesses and consumers globally. But even though it has never been easier to engage in international trade, the adoption of new business models has given rise to more complex international trade transactions and policy issues.

In today’s fast-paced and interconnected world, governments are facing new regulatory challenges, not just in managing issues arising from digital disruption, but also in ensuring that the opportunities and benefits from digital trade can be realized and shared inclusively.

What is digital trade?

While there is no single recognized and accepted definition of digital trade, there is a growing consensus that it encompasses digitally-enabled transactions of trade in goods and services that can either be digitally or physically delivered, and that involve consumers, firms, and governments. That is, while all forms of digital trade are enabled by digital technologies, not all digital trade is digitally delivered. For instance, digital trade also involves digitally enabled but physically delivered trade in goods and services such as the purchase of a book through an online marketplace, or booking a stay in an apartment through a matching application.

Underpinning digital trade is the movement of data. Data is not only a means of production, but it is also an asset that can itself be traded, and a means through which GVCs are organized and services delivered. It also underpins physical trade less directly by enabling the implementation of trade facilitation. Data is also at the core of new and rapidly growing service supply models such as cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and additive manufacturing.

How is digitalization changing trade?

Digitalization increases Bodog Poker the scale, scope, and speed of trade. It allows firms to bring new products and services to a larger number of digitally-connected customers across the globe. It also enables firms, notably smaller ones, to use new and innovative digital tools to overcome barriers to growth, helping facilitate payments, enabling collaboration, avoiding investment in fixed assets through the use of cloud-based services, and using alternative funding mechanisms such as crowdfunding.

Digitalization is also changing how we trade goods. For example, the growth of online platforms has led to a rising number of small packages being sold across international borders. This is giving rise to a range of issues for policy-makers, ranging from the physical management of parcel trade, through to the implications for risk management (such as in relation to counterfeit goods or biosecurity standards), and revenue implications in relation to the collection of taxes and tariffs.

At the same time, new technologies and business models are changing how services are produced and supplied, blurring already grey distinctions between goods and services and modes of delivery and introducing new combinations of goods and services. A smart fridge requires market access not only for the good but also for the embedded service. And an article produced by 3D printing, for example, may cross a border as a design service but becomes good at the moment of its consumption. Together, these issues pose new challenges for the way international trade and investment policy is made.

Rapid technological developments also facilitate the rise of services in international cross-border trade. Information and communication technology services form the backbone of digital trade, providing the necessary network infrastructure and underpinning the digitization of other types of services. New technologies have also facilitated the rise of digitally enabled services that are supported by a range of new services building on data-driven innovative solutions such as cloud computing.

In the world of digitalization, old trade issues may have new consequences – such as the impacts of cumbersome border procedures on parcel trade, or restrictions on newly tradable services – and new issues for trade policy are emerging, such as differing regulations among nations in relation to data flows. Further understanding of the nature and extent of these changes is needed to help policymakers create an environment that nurtures innovation and promotes digital trade in goods and services.

What can policymakers do to help businesses operate globally in the digital world?

These changes are taking place at unprecedented speed. With growing interconnectedness and greater demand for just-in-time delivery, trade needs to be faster and more reliable than ever before.

For services, this means being able to deliver more rapidly and ‘on-demand’, often 24/7, so that consumers can have instant access to the services they need when they need them. For goods, this means using digital solutions for trade facilitation, helping goods move faster across borders.

However, there is also a growing discussion about whether there is a need to update or clarify existing trade rules and commitments. Trade rules are traditionally predicated on identifying whether products are goods or services and the borders they cross. But, in the digital era, these distinctions may not always be clear bodog sportsbook review cut. Firms are now increasingly able to flexibly operate from different locations and to bundle goods with services, making it difficult to identify the particular trade rules that apply to specific transactions.

The OECD’s work on digital trade aims to contribute to ongoing debates by helping policymakers better identify and respond to emerging challenges arising from digitalization. This includes analysis on issues from defining and measuring digital trade, through what market openness means in the digital era, including in relation to services restrictiveness, to the implications of specific issues – such as data flow regulation, or new technologies such as 3D printing – for trade policy. The organization’s Going Digital Initiative, in turn, seeks to develop knowledge on digital transformation across topics to build a coherent and comprehensive policy approach to digital transformation.

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