international commercial trade Archives - WITA http://www.wita.org/atp-research-topics/international-commercial-trade/ Thu, 02 Sep 2021 16:26:59 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.6.1 /wp-content/uploads/2018/08/android-chrome-256x256-80x80.png international commercial trade Archives - WITA http://www.wita.org/atp-research-topics/international-commercial-trade/ 32 32 Economic Impact of Trade Agreements Implemented under Trade Authorities Procedures, 2021 Report /atp-research/trade-agreements-2021-report/ Tue, 29 Jun 2021 15:25:28 +0000 /?post_type=atp-research&p=29123 Section 105(f)(2) of the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 (19 U.S.C. § 4204(f)(2)) requires that the U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission or USITC) submit two reports...

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Section 105(f)(2) of the Bipartisan Congressional Trade Priorities and Accountability Act of 2015 (19 U.S.C. § 4204(f)(2)) requires that the U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission or USITC) submit two reports to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Finance of the Senate on the economic impact on the United States of all trade agreements with respect to which Congress has enacted an implementing bill under trade authorities procedures since January 1, 1984.1 The trade agreements covered include the multilateral Uruguay Round Agreements as well as 16 U.S. bilateral and regional trade agreements.2 As required, the Commission submitted the first of the two reports on June 29, 2016. Section 105(f)(2) requires that the Commission submit the second report not later than five years after the first one. This report is the second of those two reports.

To produce this report, the Commission used information from a variety of sources, including publicly available literature and data, interviews with representatives from industry, labor, government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia, and a public hearing held by the Commission. The Commission also used several qualitative and quantitative approaches to assess the impact of trade agreements on U.S. industries including workers.

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To read the original research report from the United States International Trade Commission, please visit here

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Shell Shocked: Japan’s Role In The Illegal Tortoiseshell Trade /atp-research/illegal-tortoiseshell-trade/ Mon, 03 May 2021 13:51:07 +0000 /?post_type=atp-research&p=28230 The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is one of seven species of marine turtles and is listed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) in the IUCN Red ListTM . Their shells have unique...

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The Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is one of seven species of marine turtles and is listed as “Critically Endangered” (CR) in the IUCN Red ListTM . Their shells have unique patterns that have made them sought after in manufacturing tortoiseshell items (called “bekko” in Japanese) over many centuries. Since 1977 the species has been included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), thereby prohibiting the international commercial trade in the animals, their parts, and derivatives. Japan is one of the world’s largest historical tortoiseshell markets and a country where the manufacturing industry and domestic trade in tortoiseshell are allowed to continue legally today. Efforts are being made globally to address the unsustainable or illegal take and trade in marine turtles. Uncovering the illegal trade patterns and their drivers in key source, transit, and consumer countries is essential to inform these efforts and ensure they are targeted and effective. This report provides an overview of the current situation in Japan, including the trends in illegal imports of marine turtle commodities— hawksbill tortoiseshell, in particular—an analysis of manufacturers’ stockpiles, domestic regulations, and online trade. Japan Customs seizure records revealed that an estimated total of 564 kg of hawksbill tortoiseshell were seized in 71 illegal importation incidents between 2000 and 2019, representing some 530 Hawksbill Turtles. Just over half (289 kg) was seized in 2015–2019 alone. The major source region appears to have possibly shifted from Southeast Asia to the Caribbean in recent years. The primary method of transport throughout the period was international mail, accounting for 93% of all incidents.

Manufacturers’ stockpiles reported to the government show that 188.4 tonnes of raw tortoiseshell existed in 1995, of which 28.7 tonnes (15%) remained by 2017. The number of businesses holding stocks did not change drastically, going from 222 in 1998 to 175 in 2017. Given the infrequent government spot checks, continuing incoming seizures of tortoiseshells and their links to the active manufacturing industry, it is highly questionable whether the reported stockpiles truly refl ect the actual tortoiseshell stocks in the country. Current domestic legislation relies primarily on manufacturers self-reporting their transaction records and stockpile balance and exempts most tortoiseshell products (except for whole specimens/carapaces) from registration requirements. This lax legislation likely exacerbates the entry of illegally sourced raw material into the domestic supply chain. Finally, a snapshot survey of a major online auction platform revealed that a minimum of 8,202 sales of hawksbill products (unused and secondhand) took place in 2019, totalling JPY102 million (USD936, 850). Fewer than 1% of these sales fell under the domestic legislation, leaving the remainder as legal trade but effectively unregulated given the lack of rules governing trade in fi nished products. In light of the evidence presented here, this study concludes Japan should: 1) strengthen law enforcement to tackle illegal trade with traceability controls; 2) tighten control of stockpiles and domestic trade regulations; 3) introduce voluntary bans on online sales of tortoiseshell by e-commerce companies 

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To read the full report online, please click here.

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